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Please note that we are a research service provider, not a pharmacy or clinic, so we are unable to see patients and do not offer diagnostic and treatment services for individuals.

Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)

Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease most commonly associated with Graves' disease (GD). Protheragen extends full services for the creation of both diagnostics and therapeutics related to Thyroid Eye Disease (TED).

Overview of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease often associated with hyperthyroidism, primarily affecting the orbit. It causes inflammation, remodeling, and tissue expansion, and, in severe cases, can result in proptosis, eyelid retraction, and vision impairment. The pathogenesis of TED is considered multifactorial due to the components of immune attack involving immune cells, various cytokines, and the presence of oxidative stress.

The initial pathophysiological process of Autoimmune Thyroid Eye Disease (TED).

Fig.1 The initial pathophysiological process of TED. (Buonfiglio F., et al., 2024)

Diagnostics Development for Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)

Serological Biomarkers

Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies (TRAb): High titers correlate with disease severity.
IGF-1R Autoantibodies: Emerging biomarker for early detection.

Tear Fluid Proteomics

Identifies dysregulated proteins (e.g., S100A4, prolactin-induced protein) for non-invasive monitoring.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Reveals TED-specific immune cell subsets (e.g., CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes) for precision diagnostics.

Therapeutics Development for Autoimmune Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)

The advancement of targeted biological therapies has tremendously improved the management of TED. Teprotumumab, an antibody to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), has proven effective in the reduction of proptosis and clinical outcomes. Additionally, Antioxidant therapies have surfaced as possible adjuncts for TED with the goal of alleviating the consequences of oxidative stress. Selenium, for example, is known to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in cases of TED.

Table 1. The initial pathophysiological process of TED. (Men C. J., et al., 2021)

Small Molecule Therapies	Target	Dosing	Stage
Rituximab	CD20	Two infusions, each consisting of 1000 mg, were given two weeks apart.	Approved
Infliximab	TNF-α	Each infusion dose is 5 mg/kg, delivered over 2 hours.	Approved
Adalimumab	TNF-α	Initial 80 mg subcutaneous injection followed by biweekly 40 mg injections for a total of 10 weeks.	Approved
Teprotumumab	IGF-1R	An initial infusion of 10 mg/kg, followed by seven infusions of 20 mg/kg, each given every 3 weeks.	Approved
Tocilizumab	IL-6	Three infusions, each at a dose of 8 mg/kg, are given every 4 weeks.	Approved
Emerging Therapies
TSHR Antagonist	TSHR	N/A	Preclinical
IMVT-1401	FcRn	Two weekly 680 mg subcutaneous injections, followed by four weekly 340 mg injections.	Phase II

Disclaimer: Protheragen focuses on providing preclinical research service. This table is for information exchange purposes only. This table is not a treatment plan recommendation. For guidance on treatment options, please visit a regular hospital.

Our Services

Protheragen's expertise in immunology, molecular biology, and preclinical research allows us to provide tailored solutions for early detection, disease monitoring, and targeted therapeutics. We specialize in the development of non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as tear analysis and genetic profiling, as well as the evaluation of novel therapeutic agents through preclinical studies.

Diagnostics Development

Therapeutic Development

Disease Models

Recombinant Adenovirus Gene Immunization Models
Dendritic Cell (DC) Immunization Models
TSHR-Transfected Cell Injection Model
Human TSHR A Subunit Plasmid Immunization Models

By leveraging cutting-edge technologies and deep expertise in autoimmune ophthalmology, Protheragen empowers researchers and biopharma partners to advance novel TED therapeutics from bench to clinic. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.

References

Buonfiglio, Francesco, et al. "Redox mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid eye disease." Autoimmunity Reviews (2024): 103534.
Li, Xueting, et al. "Recent advances in graves ophthalmopathy medical therapy: a comprehensive literature review." International Ophthalmology 43.4 (2023): 1437-1449.

All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.